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SECTION 1 Time - 30 minutes 38 Questions Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered words or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. 1. Nonviolent demonstrations often create such ten- sions that a community that has constantly refused to ------- its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be -------. (A) acknowledge..ignored 2. Since 1813 reaction to Jane Austen's novels has oscillated between ------- and condescension; but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary -------. (A) dismissal..admirers 3. There are, as yet, no vegetation types or ecosystems whose
study has been ------- to the extent that they no longer -------
ecologists. (A) perfected..hinder 4. Under ethical guidelines recently adopted by the National lnstitutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct diseases for which ------- treatments are unsatisfactory. (A) similar 5. It was her view that the country's problems had been ------- by foreign technocrats, so that to invite them to come back would be counterproductive. (A) foreseen 6. Winsor McCay, the cartoonist, could draw with incredible -------: his comic strip about Little Nemo was characterized by marvelous draftsmanship and sequencing. (A) sincerity 7. The actual ------- of Wilson's position was always ------- by his refusal to compromise after having initially agreed to negotiate a settlement. (A) outcome..foreshadowed Directions: In each of the foiiowing questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair. 8. SEDATTVE : DROWSlNESS :: (A) epidemic : contagiousness 9.LAWYER:COURTROOM:: (A) participant : team 10. CURIOSITY : KNOW :: (A) temptation : conquer 11. FRUGAL : MISERLY :: (A) confident : arrogant 12. ANTIDOTE : POISON :: (A) cure : recovery 13. STYGIAN.: DARK :: (A) abysmal : low 14. WORSHIP : SACRIFICE :: (A) generation : pyre 15. EVANESCENT : DISAPPEAR : (A) tlansparent : penetrate 16. UPBRAlD : REPROACH :: (A) dote : like Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage. lt has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and x-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation. the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solaractivity cycle, to terrescrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example. the sunspot cycle and the allied rnagnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainhll. temperature, and winds. lnvariably, however, the relation is weak. and commonly ofdubious statistical significance. Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodcities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil recoras of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solaractivity cycle, or even to contirm the cycle's past existenue. If consistant and reliable geolsgigal~-arek-xologieal evidence tracing the solaractivity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, chere are two models of solar activity. The tirst supposes that the Sun's internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo. a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. ln short. the Sun's large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solaractivity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall changc for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanarion supposes that the Sun's large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model. the solar mechanism dependent on the Sun's magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solaractivity cycle uvuld be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon. 17. The author focuses primarily on (A) presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar
activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support
them 18. Which of th.e following statements about the two models of
solar activity. as they are described in lines 37-55, is accurate? (A) In both modgls cyclical solar activity is regarded as a
long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over
billions of years. 19. According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons? (A) They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was
predicated were incorrect. 20. The author implies which of the followine about currently
available geological and archaeoloeical evidence concerning the
solar-activity cycle? (A) It best supports the model of solar activity described in
lines 37-45. 21. Tt can be inferred from the passage that the argu- ment in favor of the model described in lines 37- 45 would be strengthened if which of the following were found at the time? (A) Episodes of intense volcanic eruptions in the distant past
occurred in cycles having very long periodicities. 22. lt can be inferred from the passage that Chinese observations of the Sun during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries (A) are ambiguous because most sunspots cannot be seen with the
naked eye 23. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions? (A) The solaractivity cycle existed in its present form during
the time period in which the tree rings erew. The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a ianguage calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: "He took his stick,no, not John's, but his own." No language is perfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative merits of different languages or of different details in languages. 24. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) analyze an interesting feature of the English language 25. The misunderstanding presented by the author in lines 13-14 is similar to which of the following? I. X uses the word "you" to refer to a group, but Y
thinks that X is referring to one person only. (A) I only 26. In presenting the argument, the author does all of the following EXCEPT (A) give an example Which of the following contributes to the misunderstanding described by the author in lines 13-14 ? (A) It is unclear whom the speaker of the sentence is addressing. Directions: Each question below consists of a word printed in capital letters, followed by five lettered words or phrases. Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters. Since some of the questions require you to distinguish fine siiadtj of meaning, be sun tc, consider at the choices before deciding which one is best. 28. FALLACY: (A) personal philosophy 29. DIVULGE: (A) keep secret 30. BOYCOTT: (A) extort 31. ADULTERATION: (A) consternation 32. DEPOSlTlON: (A) process of congealing 33. ENERVATE: (A) recuperate 34. LOQUACIOUS: (A) tranquil 35. REPINE: (A) intensify 36. VENERATION: (A) derision 37. UNDERMINE: (A) submerge 38. UNDERMINE: (A) submerge |
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